Research Paper Topics For Speech Language Pathology

Research Paper Topics For Speech Language PathologyBest explore paper points for discourse language pathology are significantly something beyond dull syllables, directly from the reading material. It's imperative to comprehend the idea of a particular research venture, just as the prerequisites of the crowd it is proposed for.A investigate paper on discourse language pathology might be exceptionally concise long, with the point of getting over a particular point rapidly. One methodology is to compose a short portrayal, comprising of a statement from the diary article or the exploration paper, trailed by the asset refered to. The asset will at that point be recorded in sections, alongside the following component that will be discussed.Often, investigate papers will introduce a solitary research subject. This organization is fine for most purposes, as it takes into consideration obvious data to be passed on to the peruser. Be that as it may, now and then it is alluring to introduce var ious research subjects with the goal that perusers can select the primary concern being secured, and what further perusing is needed.Another approach to bunch look into paper themes is to list every point in a rundown. This causes the analyst to think in an increasingly conceptual way. He/she can ask themselves, 'What data would i be able to get from this examination?' 'Which is the most significant thing to think about this topic?'Regardless of the manner in which an exploration paper is composed, the primary objective is consistently to give however much data to the peruser as could reasonably be expected. Indeed, the essayist should put accentuation on social event enough subtleties to guarantee that they don't swear by any one point, as there could be an extra theme that gives more noteworthy knowledge into the subject matter.One reason that examination paper points ought to incorporate the entirety of the exploration gave is to ensure that the article will be decipherable. On t he off chance that it is hard to comprehend a little bit of the paper, the peruser will believe the entire work to be ineffectively written.If an author needs to compose numerous exploration paper points for discourse language pathology, they ought to pick theme territories where the most broad data will get the job done. While the more mind boggling theme territories may require nitty gritty research, the need to invest the energy is justified, despite all the trouble at long last. The crowd is eager to set aside the effort to find out about another and inventive method of conveying services.Best inquire about paper subjects for discourse language pathology remember anything from investigate for familiarity or on phonemic mindfulness, to examine on accents, and research on the job of the patient in helping one to recuperate. These subjects can be found in various diaries and books. The peruser can choose if they discover the data intriguing, helpful, or both.

Utilizing the Right College Essay Topics Will Help You Ace Your Essay

<h1>Utilizing the Right College Essay Topics Will Help You Ace Your Essay</h1><p>It is conceivable to pick the fitting College Essay Topics that are relevant to your life and intrigue, and this will assist you with acing your article. You have to settle on an educated choice with the goal that you will have the option to get greatest data from it. The reason for this article is to assist you with that.</p><p></p><p>First of all, before you even consider the exposition theme determination, you have to compose your presentation. This needs to provide you a guidance about your paper. After you know how it will be organized, you can start to write in the best possible format.</p><p></p><p>You need to realize that there are a ton of favorable circumstances of picking the right College Essay Topics when you need to expert your exposition. Thusly, you will have the option to abstain from composing a poor article and give your peruser a thought of what you truly mean.</p><p></p><p>You need to search for exposition points that are applicable to you and in this way they are the ones that will give you a superior comprehension of your vocation and where you need to go in it. Recollect that the subject of your exposition ought to be identified with your inclinations and qualities. Furthermore, you should consistently ensure that your theme has something to do with your vocation goals.</p><p></p><p>Utilizing appropriate syntax and accentuation rules will likewise assist you with your paper subjects. Remember that you should ensure that you never stray from the standard guidelines since this may prompt wrong sentence structure, botches in meaning.</p><p></p><p>Utilizing an expert author is additionally a smart thought when you need to pro your College Essay Topics. They are specialists in this field and they will compose the exposition dep endent on what you composed. In the event that you adopt this strategy, you won't need to stress over the nature of the work since they are as of now gifted enough in this area.</p><p></p><p>Utilizing the web as your wellspring of research will help you in thinking of the best College Essay Topics. There are heaps of assets online where you can assemble data about the subject that you need to cover. Beside that, you can likewise find out about how to compose a College Essay Topic, what subjects to keep away from, and how to compose your own essay.</p><p></p><p>The generally speaking objective for you ought to be to pro your College Essay Topics, and this should be possible by consolidating both the previously mentioned procedures. Investigate the tips I have given you in this article and practice them determinedly. In time, you will have the option to pro your paper by utilizing these strategies.</p>

Research Paper Format Examples - How to Find the Best Format For Your Paper

<h1>Research Paper Format Examples - How to Find the Best Format For Your Paper</h1><p>When it comes to look into paper group, I end up astounded by all the various choices. I do comprehend that there are two alternatives for designing an exploration paper. The first is that you can utilize one of the unbending arrangements of papers, with the hardened word processor like Word or Power Point.</p><p></p><p>The subsequent choice is to utilize illustrations. There are a few projects out there, for example, Evernote, that let you do countless things in illustrations. Every one of these highlights improve things greatly with regards to style and introduction. One of the issues that a great deal of understudies face is that the visual architect couldn't get the entirety of their notes down.</p><p></p><p>So, in the event that you have an essayist that needs to include another note or perhaps simply change the design of the pa ge a piece, you should consider utilizing position models. What are these things? The organization models are a progression of instances of things that others have done that would assist you with finding the design you want in your own exploration paper. For instance, the motivation behind why I am composing this article right presently is on the grounds that I have as of late been dealing with another exploration paper and my primary objective is to get it completed in a day.</p><p></p><p>That isn't to state that you will always be unable to finish an examination paper. You simply need to understand that on the off chance that you need to have the option to complete an examination paper on schedule, you should have a solid handle of research paper design examples.</p><p></p><p>Another valid justification to learn position models is that exploration paper group has become so mind boggling that it is practically difficult to make sense of in your mind what every single capacity on the page is. What is intriguing about research paper position is that there are simply such a large number of various things that you should take a gander at. On the off chance that you get these models, you will have the option to disentangle the examination paper with the goal that you can see the point that you are attempting to make and you will have an a lot simpler time completing the exploration paper.</p><p></p><p>Also, with regards to inquire about paper position models, you will have the option to discover which components function admirably together and which ones are horrendous in the exploration paper. You may have been doing great with an exploration paper with a portion of the things that are terrible and attempting to make sense of an approach to improve it. With position models, you will have the option to make sense of what should be changed and how to approach making it work.</p><p>& lt;/p><p>Last yet not least, these configuration models are an extraordinary asset to consider for making sense of if your examination paper should be adjusted. All things being equal, all that you take a gander at is a model for that particular undertaking that you are attempting to accomplish.</p>

Edgar Allan Poe and His Tales of Horror - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 275 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Edgar Allan Poe Essay Did you like this example? Many questions are asked when it comes to the way Edgar Allen Poe wrote and why he wrote the way he did. Edgar Allen Poes Writing was fascinating because he wrote with emotion that is different from most writers. Many would say his writing is pessimistic and depressing but when you look at it differently it is written with intent, poise, advanced use of his grammatical language. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Edgar Allan Poe and His Tales of Horror" essay for you Create order It was written in many ways that are taken as pessimistic but in a different light, it is written in an emotional but respected way. In a way, Edgar Allan Poe uses his life as a guide to write his stories with emotion. Aside from a common theoretic basis, there is a psychological intensity that is the characteristic of Poes writings. Specially the tales of horror that comprise his best-known works. Adding to his achievement as creator of the modern horror tale, Poe was also credited with inventing two other popular genres: science fiction and the detective story. These story such as The Black Cat, are often told by a first-person narrator, and through this voice Poe shows the workings of a characters mental state. Similarly, Poe is recognized writing the models, which established the major characters and literary writings of detective fiction. In his Gothic tales, Poe also employed an essentially symbolic, almost allegorical method, which gives such works an baffling quality that accounts for their enduring interest and alongside with the symbolical works of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. This technique foreshadows the psychological explorations that Poe had himself in a way. In his use of the satanic relations and the twisted ways of his writings.

The 30-Second Trick for Social Issues Essay Example

<h1> The 30-Second Trick for Social Issues Essay Example </h1> <h2> A History of Social Issues Essay Example Refuted</h2> <p>One of without a doubt the most impeding result of the failure to take care of medicinal services costs is chapter 11. Moreover, these issues are identified with each other and it can show up difficult to address one without tending to them all. Kid work as an overall concern was raised on universal stages as well. At that point there are the wellbeing concerns. </p> <p>Rather than embracing the latest craze in cutting tormenting or utilizing the ordinary bandage approach, training authorities should consider utilizing an all out arrangement and evaluate it consistently. How people purchase weapons to feel more secure, yet in any case, it really expands the risk of death and wrongdoing. Stress is a term most people are very familiar with. You should buckle down with complete commitment to achieve a way of life that characterizes you as an honorable man. </p> <p>The next horrible impact welcomed on by congestion on prisoners is conduct issues. The development in mass shootings all through america has brought the matter of firearm control into the spotlight as a social issue. Depict two potential mediations or undertakings that you could be associated with in working with every single populace. For example, a high joblessness rate which influences a huge number of individuals is a social issue. </p> <p>Individually, Nguyen said we should grasp the gauge of our associations. As an outcome, social issues can be raised by the inconsistent appropriation of subsidizing between government funded schools, incorporating that found in the United States of america.</p> <p>Along with youngster pregnancy, there are countless significant recognized social issues in the USA today. To make reference to each social issue is past the scope of this exercise, however we'll take a gander at a couple of instances of social issues that are perceived and significant issues in the USA today. This examination was additionally self-chose so it can't be a portrayal of the entire American populace. India today is only one of the speediest creating countries with noteworthy money related development costs. </p> <p>The rundown may go on and it is anything but an intensive rundown. Pressing List for a New Truck Driver By Alice Derrick Now you have your CDL, you should be entirely enchanted to gain in the city. Others are classification issues. </p> <p>You need to consistently scan for scholastically demonstrated and trustworthy sources that you can refer to in your exposition. You need to ensure you've picked a sufficient theme so you can present a top notch paper. Articles may be delicately changed for lucidness or to shield the obscurity of patrons, however we don't alter paper models in front of production. On the off chance that you might want to make a dubious article, you unquestionably should search for the best social issues themes or parody points. </p> <h2> What You Can Do About Social Issues Essay Example Beginning in the Next 3 Minutes </h2> <p>Among the imaginable first undertakings of any warning gathering will be to evaluate the request s and worries of the network. There are various techniques individuals use to battle social issues. Talking about your social tension to a nearby friend, or essentially utilizing correspondence to fix a refreshing relationship are techniques by which you can alleviate a few anxieties. Along these lines, it's conviction framework or the social molding of the individuals which isn't letting the general public to adjust at a snappy pace. </p> <p>In the 1940 and 1950 a developing number of ladies got utilized to help the war exertion notwithstanding make up for the effects of the war. Ladies and young ladies face incredible difficulties in for all intents and purposes each segment of the world. </p> <p>To have the option to authoritatively unravel social issues, is anything but a matter of critical thinking, yet of mystery goals. It's basic for everyone needing to handle social issues to consider the sorts of effect they wish to get, its size, and why. It is imperative to comprehend that not everything that occur in the public eye are raised to the measure of social troubles. For the duration of the existence program, there are social issues identified with particular ages. </p>

Limitations in Research Paper Writing

<h1>Limitations in Research Paper Writing</h1><p>There are numerous confinements in inquire about paper composing. While a few papers can be a lot simpler than others, it is still obvious that great research paper composing doesn't come without the correct aptitudes and the correct information. In this article I will tell you the best way to compose an exploration paper that is actually perfect.</p><p></p><p>The first thing that you have to do so as to compose a decent research paper is to comprehend what your intended interest group would need and anticipate from you. Just as, who ought to do your examination and when and where? This is significant so as to abstain from making an introduction that has no pertinence to your audience.</p><p></p><p>Second, you should comprehend the arrangement of the examination paper and the standards of organizing. Research papers have a few sections, which are typically composed into a coherent arrangement relying upon the zone of the research.</p><p></p><p>Third, so as to organize an examination paper, it is important to comprehend the various styles of study and research. When composing a paper, there are a few manners by which you can design it so as to make it simpler for your crowd. The following are the most widely recognized arrangements utilized by most creators and I will feature them.</p><p></p><p>First, the exploration paper is called as an outline. As the name proposes, this is the initial segment of the examination paper. Most writers will in general compose this part first since it gives them a framework of what they need to state and how they need to introduce it.</p><p></p><p>Secondly, there is the presentation. This is the part that opens the report and clarifies who it is about and how it was done.</p><p></p><p>Last yet not least, there is the end. T his is the last piece of the paper and is the main part that are generally distributed. It gives the motivation behind why you did the exploration and why it was significant enough to distribute it.</p>

Powerful Persuasive Essay Topics Education

<h1>Powerful Persuasive Essay Topics Education</h1><p>The intensity of your convincing exposition themes instruction is in your grasp. You could have decided to attempt to get the consideration of a peruser by utilizing vivid words and expresses or to utilize a splendid idea that they can identify with. Be that as it may, in the event that you don't have the foggiest idea what you're expounding on, you could wind up being a drag to the peruser. It could be something they're not keen on and with no longing to peruse another.</p><p></p><p>However, when you are in school, you will have the chance to explore some expansive points that you have investigated already. On the off chance that you decided to look into a point, you can decide to compose on a wide theme and afterward tight it down to progressively explicit data later. This could assist you with bettering to build up your convincing paper subjects education.</p><p></p>&l t;p>When you choose to return to class for your significant advanced degree, you should start with ensuring that you're solid and steady. You will need to assemble your history and social information on the themes that you will compose on. You could even start examining the historical backdrop of specific subjects. This will give you a reason for your contentions, when you compose your powerful article subjects education.</p><p></p><p>Once you realize an all the more fascinating theme to expound on, you can seek other research points for your exposition. In the event that you discover a subject that intrigues you, you can start to make notes with regards to the sort of experience that you will talk about. Recollect that you must have the option to incorporate data that will add some adjust to your argument.</p><p></p><p>The best way to have convincing paper point's training is to have the energy for the subject. At the point when yo u have the correct degree of enthusiasm for the theme, you will have the option to take a gander at thoughts that you would some way or another excuse insane. What's more, the thoughts will be excessively convincing to ignore.</p><p></p><p>To build up your influential exposition point's instruction, you should compose a quality article. Regardless of whether you're doing this as a feature of a news coverage degree program or a Master's certificate program, your piece must have the option to connect to the scholarly content.</p><p></p><p>If you're attempting to utilize this article as your vehicle to a certain extent, you have to guarantee that your article meets the prerequisites set out by the school or college. This will assist you with your influential exposition themes education.</p>

Purchasing James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote

<h1> Purchasing James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote </h1> <h2> The Dirty Facts About James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote </h2> <p>There aren't numerous standards with respect to the capabilities of Electors. How we talk about this political decision is much more significant than that which we talk about. Another explanation is that, Electoral College framework guarantees that each state is given an impartial portrayal in choosing the pioneer of america. The constituent school guide ought to be redrawn. </p> <p>Votes are thrown by each state, using a record of voters. Since discretionary votes are granted on a victor take-all premise, even only a significant minority of contrarian votes won't gain any impact on the consequences of the political race. Like clockwork, during the Presidential political decision, voters in each and every state pick the balloters for a particular competitor. The voters have a bigger choice. </p > <p>Wyoming is a comparable example, with the exception of it is a dark red state. Gold country's populace is similarly inadequate. Wyoming's populace is about 576,000. </p> <h2> The Essentials of James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote That You Will have the option to Learn From Beginning Today</h2> <p>Congress had no capacity to burden, and thus couldn't pay obligations coming from the Revolution. The arrangement can't be to deny government the capacity to act in the open intrigue just in light of the fact that that force might be mishandled. In this manner, the proper circulation of sway reflects a suitable dispersion of intensity, which infers that power focuses aren't vested in just a prevailing larger part. In this manner, it's a significant bit of our federalist framework a framework worth protecting. </p> <p>You should kick back and revel in the flight. A republic could be stretched out over a tremendous district. In spite of the way that it would be unfeasible for the full populace of the US to accumulate in one spot to create choices, it is incredibly attainable to have a far littler measure of agents meet in the capital. </p> <h2> The Tried and True Method for James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote in Step by Step Detail</h2> <p>One of the most developed subtleties of the Constitution is where the central government was organized to control its capacity. We'll likely shed marriage uniformity. The establishing fathers disdained the idea of a notable political race. For instance, in a major republic, a degenerate representative would need to pay off significantly more individuals as an approach to win a political decision than in a little republic. </p> <p>Basically, the French people equitably created a despot, casting a ballot away their own privileges and opportunities. A companion read more cautiously than I, and dove into the spreadsheet offered by Lessig. The fact of the matter is that, in a major republic, there'll be increasingly fit characters'' to pick from for each representative. In a carelessly populist culture, it's a notable thought. </p> <h2>Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote </h2> <p>All of us have a loathsomeness story with that night. What's to come is made out of youngsters and ladies who need a shot. There's negligible fervor and no inert talk inside this line. It isn't reasonable of me to ask you not to do as such, yet in any case, it might be the main design they'll tune in. </p> <p>That injury was not simply confined to one side, either. Among the natural shortcomings in a legislature relying upon the desire of the individua ls is the possibility of chaos. In all actuality, this elision a piece of the American political methodology. This issue can't be disregarded. </p> <h2> James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote - Dead or Alive?</h2> <p>More assets in the fourteen days in front of every offer the battle greater spryness. The gathering will turn out to be less white each schedule year as well. The national ideological groups have been in presence for quite a while. In such states competitors from either gathering will most likely discover some achievement. </p> <h2>The 30-Second Trick for James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote </h2> <p>By group, Madison alludes to any gathering of the individuals who have a particular intrigue or ideological point of view. Thomas Jefferson isn't among those portrayed. Charles Beard discharged the underlying shots. Johnson shrouded the spread in a great deal of the swing states. </p> <p>Anything could occur, obviously. The fact of the matter should impact the voters who settle on the president, however inside this country, it doesn't work that way. There's a tipping point. The subsequent point is to remain close to the pinnacle of the key race. </p> <h2> What Does James Madison Papers Electoral College Quote Mean? </h2> <p>Liberals had an easy answer spend more salary. The underlying two decisions were basically inescapable results for Washington, so there was no interest for heaps of consideration. The one thing amiss with Russian political decision intruding is that time they won. Unadulterated vote based system won't ever discover a few voters doing what's extraordinary for everyone, but instead to simply themselves. </p>

Why This School Essay Samples Is Good for Your Education

Why This School Essay Samples Is Good for Your EducationWhen it comes to essay writing, why this school essay samples is something that everyone should know. This is not simply the answer to one problem; it is an answer to a whole lot of different problems. When people think about these school essay samples, they think that the information in these essays is mere cliches.People should have a better idea of what these school essay samples are supposed to be like before they spend their time on them. Do not expect the information you will find to be innovative and original. At the same time, do not expect your essay to be poorly written either. It takes a lot of thought to come up with ideas that other people might not like.Why this school essay samples have their own place in the academic world is because these essay samples are useful. You can learn how to write a short essay. You can also find out how to make a statement while delivering it. You can also take your time to come up wi th a coherent thesis statement. Since they are used for this purpose, they are actually considered tools rather than mere cliches.These essay samples help you when you are trying to decide which areas of your essay you want to emphasize. For example, if you are writing about the latest gossip in school, why not use an example? This is the only way to make it easier for yourself to figure out which parts of your essay are worth focusing on.You can also use these samples to learn how to explain specific ideas to the reader. In order to get the reader's attention, you can use examples that are unique to you or to your school. In fact, you may find that these are what makes it interesting for them to read. Since these are unique to you, they will be the ones that stick in their minds.Finally, why this school essay samples are very important is because they give you a chance to learn what a response to a question should look like. Since you can use these samples to see what you can write in various situations, you will have a better idea of what a real question looks like. This is something that most people just cannot master.Why this school essay samples are important to your ability to deliver a coherent thesis statement is because they help you learn how to deliver a short sentence to the reader. If you try to read a paper without having at least some knowledge of this, it might leave a lot to be desired. Since these sample essays are used to help you with different aspects of your research, they will help you to be able to write coherent sentences when delivering your thesis.Therefore, why this school essay samples are important to your ability to be able to present yourself or others in a way that will persuade your readers is because they give you the opportunity to practice your own good habits. This is something that cannot be taught in school. If you practice, you will learn how to create effective stories, and people will be more impressed by this. Why th is school essay samples are good for your own education is because they are actually a tool in the process of learning.

Urban Planning And Design Of Urban Cities Essay - 1643 Words

Cities are characterized by the patterns of streets and squares that define their arrangement, a concept that undergoes frequent changes since the establishment of cities 10,000 years ago. There are multitude factors that influence such changes with system of government, values, population size, values, artistic sensibility, building methods, design techniques, paving techniques, military considerations, and transport technology being the main determinants. Medieval architectural designs emphasized on rigid grid forms, that contemporary writers of the history of urban planning and design, assume the presence of grids even in plans where they exist in approximate forms. Absence of grids is often perceived as lack of planning. Nevertheless, it is critical to note that the complex patters of streets in medieval cities were neither random nor chaotic. The developments in planning and design of urban cities inform the argument surrounding the unsuitability of grids to carfree cities, whose medieval patterns provided efficient radial routes for centrally located goods, services, and transport. The emergence of city planning as a profession borrows significantly from the long and complex history of planning, whereby all cities display variations in forethought and conscious designs that define their layout and functioning. The paper uses Rome as a case study to analyse and critique the concepts and principles in the history of urban planning and design, and theirShow MoreRelatedOrder Of The Public Realm1214 Words   |  5 PagesPlan 749 Urban Planning, Exam 1, Kansas City Design Center September 30, 2016 2 Without order in the public realm the world we live in would be a very unorganized environment. When it comes to order within the public realm we have to thank planning, zoning, transects, and urbanism theories, because these strategies shape our environment as to what it is today. Authors such as Leon Krier, Emily Talen, Cliff Ellis, and Douglas Kelbaugh are theorist who have discussed problems with urban design and provideRead MorePlan 700 Planning Paradigms And Theory1711 Words   |  7 PagesPLAN 700 Planning Paradigms and Theory Dr. Pierre Filion Xiaomeng Xu Oct. 9th, 2016 Cities Before Planning: Development, Consequences and Challenges To understand the ancient and pre-industrial cities, learn from urban history, and explore the conditions that led to the appearance of formal planning, different approaches to ancient urban planning have been researched by previous studies. Based on ancient urban planning literature, this paper summarizes the development of ancient cities before theRead MoreUrban Environment Is The Natural, Built And Institutional Elements Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesUrban Environment is the natural, built and institutional elements that determine the physical, mental and social health and wellbeing of people who live in cities and towns. The urban environment is more than a physically defined entity. It includes the environmental and ecological context, psycho-social structures and supports, and patterns of migration as well as all aspects of the geography and politics of cities. Hence, governance arrangements, cultural identities and related activities, housingRead MoreUrban Planning Models1712 Words   |  7 Pagesthey are not feasible, and perpetuates a dogma about the effects of the built environment. Similar to urban planners of the past new urbanist believe in their own expertise. June Thomas writes about the failures of different urban planning models to include justice but still believes in their intentions and role in building the best community. Thomas (2005) writes, about the tenacity of urban planners. She states, in spite of false steps and inadequate tools, in spite of political turmoil andRead MoreTheory on Urban Planning1389 Words   |  6 PagesI Introduction Urban planning is the difficult and often frustrating business of trying to design cities that are livable and safe. When city neighborhoods decay, civic leaders often turn to urban planners with the hope that they can revitalize and reenergize the area. However, all too often it seems that in making their plans for renewal, urban designers fail to take into account the needs and desires of perhaps the most important people who will be involved in the process: the citizens. This paperRead MoreThe Practice Of The Garden City Ideas1567 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of the Garden City Ideas The first two garden cities built according to Howard’s ideas were Letchworth, started in 1903 and Welwyn, begun in 1920. http://cashewnut.me.uk/WGCbooks/bigImages/web-WGC-books-1925-1-04.jpg During the entire initial construction of Letchworth, only one tree was felled, and an agriculture area surrounding the town was included in the plan. That is the first â€Å"Green Belt†. The city was divided into different areas like residential area, industry area and publicRead MoreInternational Reputation Of Urban Transportation Planning1075 Words   |  5 Pagesof massive urban system, but also the cornerstone of urban growth as transportation advantages attract development opportunities. However, in the 20th century, unprecedented urbanisation pressured transportation worldwide, as population growth and rise of automobile ownership plagued various cities into chronic traffic problems with subsequent social and environmental impacts. This report explores Curitiba that has developed an international reputation of urban transportation planning, in order toRead MoreThe Sustainable Development Is Defined By The Brundtland Report Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesprovide strate gies and a framework of Sustainable Architecture and Urban Planning principles specifically in developing countries of Latin America. 2. Problem Statement The main problem developing countries are facing is the exponential growth of urban areas. This growth is uncontrolled, and local governments cannot cope with this situation. By the year 2020, 89% of the population in Latin American countries will be living in urban areas (ELLA). This population growth is not just by natural meansRead MoreEnvironmental Planning And Restoration Section1179 Words   |  5 PagesJessica Pagan Wilson October 14, 2015 CRPLAN 6410 Paper 2 – Environmental Planning Restoration The environmental planning and restoration section in the Wheeler and Beatley (2014) book incorporates elements of sustainable development, and includes readings on biophilic cities, environmental restoration, and landscape ecological urbanism. Sustainability is the equitable and appropriate use of present resources to ensure a resilient future of interconnected systems. This conception of sustainabilityRead MoreAir pollution in Hong Kong 1747 Words   |  7 Pagesall flat offers sea views. The important reason is government does not stipulate the buildings layout especially distance between buildings and lack of supervision of urban planning. Above factors are leading high-rise buildings appear in Hong Kong not only in Central or Mong Kok and show government don’t very well land use planning. Recent newly completed residential and commercial skyscrapers get higher than higher in Hong Kong and some of these residential and commercial skyscrapers are parallel

Divergence or Middle of the Path Hrm Model free essay sample

It is difficult to prescribe a HRM model without analyzing the regional and socio-contextual factors inherent in Oman and neither convergence nor pure divergence provides a solution to this end. INTRODUCTION We are living in a highly dynamic and chaotic world of business today where organizations have to be an effective customer responsive organization. They have to gear up for becoming an effective global competitor. In GCC countries and especially in Oman, firms have no choices left as well. They are facing the onslaught of globalization, and the recent economic recession has further worsened the situation. They have to be flexible and re-look at their HRM system and restructure its hard-defined procedures. It still remains a challenge for majority of Omani companies to adopt these changes. It is widely accepted now that HRM can act as a key means to achieve a competitive advantage in Omani firms. Though, some of the Omani firms have shown keen interest in recent past to be a responsive organization in this regard. But they don’t know which way to go. Either to adopt the western HRM model as being presented to them or to explore or recreate something indigenous seeing their distinct work realities. If we look at the evolving paradigm of HRM, it becomes difficult to identify which model or framework of HRM will be more relevant for Oman. There have been numerous model of HRM which can help Omani firm in achieving organizational effectiveness but there is lack of information about their utility and applicability which poses a great question for Omani firms. In many cases, these hypothetical models have been found not fully relevant for Middle East countries or GCC countries and Oman in particular. Culture-free or culture-bound is the other issue which is raised by researchers alike. In fact, there is an absence of a systematic analysis that could present a comprehensive picture of the dynamics of the HRM in the Middle-East region (Budhwar and Mellahi, 2006). In this background, the present paper is an attempt to understand the dynamics of HRM in Oman. It will evaluate various HRM models and will attempt to raise a debate on developing a HRM system which can suit to the exigencies of Omani society. 76 Journal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AT FIRM LEVEL: EVOLVING PARADIGMS Nothing has moved as fast as in the last twenty five years for the discipline of human resource management. It has come a long way from a reactive, bureaucratic people management function (being called as personnel management) to a proactive and strategic human resource management. The shift in the paradigm has been forced by economic, business and socio-political factors but the changed stance is a reality and firms worldwide are looking at HR function as becoming important and expecting more value addition to the strategic objectives of the firm. The role of human resource management function is at a crossroad, on the one hand it is facing the crisis whereas there is an unprecedented opportunity to refocus its HRM systems as strategic assets (Becker et al. , 1997). Khatri and Budhwar (2002) also feels that the field of HRM is in transition and it is breaking away from its micro-focused role to a macro strategic paradigm in which individual HR functions are not only aligned with the organization strategy but also with one another (see Budhwar, 2000; Lundy, 1994; Martell and Carroll, 1995; Ritson, 1999 as quoted by Khatri and Budhwar, 2002). There have been numerous model of HRM which has evolved in last 25 years or so and they have contributed significantly to the discipline of HRM. In the following paragraphs, some of them are analyzed and a comment has been made on their applicability for this part of world. Starting from Michigan model (Fombrun, Tichy and Devanna, 1984) to Harvard model (Beer et al. , 1985) to contextual model (Hendry and Pettigrew, 1992; Hendry et al. , 1988) to Schuler’s 5-P model (Schuler, 1992) of strategic HRM where he emphasizes on philosophies, olicies, programmes, practices and processes, the HRM literature has evolved to a great extent. The Michigan model looks at human resource as a resource and advocates for its efficient utilization to meet organizational objectives and this model is based heavily on Chandler’s (1962) argument that an organization’s structure is an outcome of its strategy (Budhwar and Debrah, 2001) and structure is designed to serve the strategy. This model ignores the humanistic feeling or anchor point while dealing with human resource and they are seen just as a cog in the machine, that is the reason, it is referred as a hard approach to HRM. The organizational effectiveness in this model depends on achieving tight fit between HR and business strategies and it is pursued by adopting four key HRM systems such as selection, appraisal, compensation and development system of the firms. There have been many criticism of this hard approach calling it prescriptive and strongly unitarist (Boxall, 1992) and many feels that the very idea of tight fit makes the organization less flexible and moribund for a change and hence unfitted for the present day business scenario (Budhwar and Debrah, 2001). In the context of Oman, this model has less relevance as we can’t have a hard defined strategic recruitment and HR system and government plays very important role in this area. The reliance of Omani firms on expatriate workforce has forced government to undertake Omanization programs i. e. , employing and training Omani locals; and Omani firms have to employ certain percentage of Omani locals and if they fail to do so they can be penalized. The Harvard model (Beer et al. 1985) which is also referred as softer model of HRM (See Legge, 1995; Storey, 1992) focuses on human relation (Mabey and Salaman, 1997; see also Blyton and Turnbull, 1992) and tends to adopt a particular approach to work place relations: emphasizing unitary, integrative, individualistic systems, undermining workforce organization or collectivist values as outcomes of management choices about the key HRM levers affecting workforce-organization relations. This helps in creating employee commitment in organization and lead to better realization of goals. As far as its relevance to Oman or GCC countries is concerned, it seems to be limited in its utility due to heavy reliance of GCC or Omani firms on expatriate workforce. Most of the expatriate workers have a short term employment contract of a year or two and this short-termist approach and lack of employment security makes it hard for organization to generate the egree of employee commitment they require. AlRajhi et al. (2006) in their study of Saudi Arabian HR system also feels that HR has an important role to play in facilitating the successful cultural and work adjustment of these guest workers to enhance their productivity and well being. Journal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 77 Mabey and Salaman (1997) quote Hendry and Pettigrew (1986) who argue that the strategic aspect of HRM consists of four key elements: the use of planning; a coherent approach to the design and management of personnel systems based on an employment policy and manpower strategy, and often underpinned by a ‘philosophy’; matching HRM activities and policies to some explicit strategy; and seeing the people of the organization as a ‘strategic resource’ for achieving ‘competitive advantage’. Taking a cue from Hendry and Pettigrew, Schuler developed his 5-P model which talks of strategic integration of business and HR strategy. In recent time, HRM has been labeled as strategic human resource management and it seems to be concerned with ‘integration’ and ‘adaptation’ of business strategies and HR strategies. Schuler (1992) prescribes that: HRM should be fully integrated with the strategy and strategic needs of the firm; HR policies must be coherent; and HR practices are required to be adjusted, accepted and used by the managers and employees as part of their everyday work (Budhwar and Debrah, 2001). This model seems to be highly hypothetical (Budhwar and Debrah, 2001) and it looks to have less attraction for Omani firms. HRM in Omani firms is in nascent stage and there is lack of participation of HR specialist on the board of the firms, they are hardly involved in strategic decision making process and in this scenario, it makes difficult for them to adopt coherent and strategic HR intervention and serving the strategic needs of the firms. Though 5-Ps (philosophies, policies, programmes, practices and processes) will remain relevant as an ideal to achieve in long term for Omani firms. In recent time, High Performance Work System has made much currency among HR practitioners and researchers alike and there has been wide debate on its utility across region and culture. Becker, Huselid and Ulrich (2001) in their wide acclaimed book, The HR Scorecard present a framework for creating High-Performance Work System and prescribe that a firm must have the following characteristics among others: use of formal performance appraisal and management, use of multiscore performance appraisal and feedback, use of validated selection and promotion models and procedures, extensive training and development of new employees, linkages of merit increases to formal appraisal system, high differential in pay between high and low performers, and high percentage of jobs filled within. Though, this model appears having wide appeal and seems applicable to most firms but if we look at the prerequisites of creating such a system, it appears to be near to impossible in this part of world. Thus we see most of the models have their inherent limitation which are difficult to replicate in GCC countries. Omanization itself limits all of HPWS’s vitality prescribed by its authors. The other important point is that the region or country-specific phenomenon remains important to be seen in this regard while generalizing the utility of a particular HRM model at a firm level. Any model which looks into regional, cultural and socioeconomic factors will be more appropriate. In the present global scenario, there is a need for understanding region or country-specific phenomena that would help to generate theory for global relevant issue. It will also help to evaluate region-specific constructs to study local and global issues (Budhwar and Mellahi, 2006). CONVERGENCE OR DIVERGENCE OR MIDDLE OF THE PATH Despite all attractiveness of the emerging paradigm of HRM, certain questions need to be answered. Researchers have made great attempt in examining the applicability of some of the theoretical models of HRM but very little research or probing exists for this part of world. Researchers have questioned the universal applicability of the Anglo-Saxon model. This has generated a dilemma before the firms in this region in dealing with the change in their respective HR process. Either they should adopt the best-fit (contingency model) or the best practices approach (see also Boxall Purcell, 2000). The best practices approach is based on the normative statements of what HR practices should look like together with the proposition that the adoption of these practices will lead universally to organizational success. This 78 Journal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 approach is highly influenced by American researchers and commentators whereas the best fit model advocates external and internal integration of HR strategy with the overall business strategy (Doherty, Klenert and Manfredi, 2007). These approaches need to be evaluated in socio-cultural context for serving the objective of the realization of organizational goals in Omani firms. Best fit vs. best practices debate further gets reinforced with the convergence-divergence debate. The proponents of convergence approach (e. g. , Kerr et al. , 1960; Eisenstadt, 1973; Levitt, 1983; Prentice 1990) state that the international competitive pressure overrides differences in a national management system and lead to a convergence management practices towards the most successful model whereas the scholars of the divergence approach (e. . , Laurent, 1983; Whitley, 2000; Hickson and Pugh, 2001; Hofstede, 2001) stress on the management practices strongly influenced by the national-economic context (Pudelko, 2006). Thus the field of HRM is witnessing a two bipolar paradigms i. e. , universalistic/ convergence and the contextual /divergence paradigm. The applicability of an HRM model for GCC countries and Oman in particular is an i ssue which needs to be reevaluated. Most of the oil-based economies of GCC have their contextual factors which are sharply different from the US and Western developed countries. Pudelko (2006) made a comparison of HRM systems in the USA, Japan and Germany and found that the socio-economic contextual factors of the American and Japanese HR systems are in many ways at opposite ends with the German factors in between and he warns against any over-optimism with regard to fully standardize managerial practices across countries. He is of the view that the profound embededness of HR practices in their respective socio-economic contexts appear to limit the margin for MNCs to comprehensively standardize their HR practices and the immense cultural and institutional complexity of various countries seems to work as a counterweight to pressures for convergence. Smith and Meiksins (1995: 128) also observe that US, Germany and Japan are most frequently referred as ‘models’ but their perceived strength is distributed quite unequally: the American model has to be described as dominant (Dore, 2000) whereas the Japanese model is defensive and subject to profound odifications (Frenkel, 1994) and the German model appears to be in a process of change albeit a more moderate one (Pudelko, 2004 as quoted by Pudelko, 2006). In this context, it will be worthwhile to raise a question about the development of a national HRM model or system which can serve the Omani firms in more proactive ways. As it is difficult to p rescribe a HRM model without analyzing the regional and socio-contextual factors inherent in Oman. In fact, neither convergence nor pure divergence provides a solution to this end. As we have seen in the previous study of Pudelko (2006) that mere imitation of HR practices is near to impossible to be successful in a given country but he found that German system and more particularly the Japanese systems have moved somewhat more towards the ‘American side’ of the bipolar scale. In the end, Pudelko(2006) advocates a middle of the path approach calling it a universalism-particularism approach, one which seeks to integrate both opposite streams rather than trying to overcome the contradiction between the two lines of thoughts and declaring one more valid than the other. Sparrow, Schuler and Jackson (1994) in their study of HR systems of 12 countries evaluated the HR practices and policies for competitive advantage. They tried to find out that what must be done to gain competitive advantage and do firms in different parts of the globe practice human resource management for competitive advantage differently? Their investigation concludes that there is indeed a convergence in the use of HRM for competitive advantage, however, in pursuing this convergence there are some clear divergences, nuances and specific themes in the areas of HRM that must be handled carefully. HRD is another area which also needs a mention here though it has been used interchangeably with HRM. Woodall (2005) writing the editorial, theoretical framework for comparing HRD in an international context for the journal, Human Resource Development International opines that a lot of articles have been written which explore, describe and analyse HRD practices in different cultural contexts but now the HRD scholarship is confronting cross-cultural analysis problem which has been faced by earlier social science and management discipline and we have to make a choice, either we take well established theories developed and tested mainly in USA and then apply it for analyzing the empirical evidence gathered from other countries or we should start afresh in that setting, grounding our process of theorization in specific cultural context. Though, the latter approach or choice seems to be more Journal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 79 eaningful as it can serve the HR constituency in GCC countries in a better way nonetheless, knowledge base gained elsewhere can also be uti lized in any setting provided it doesnt change the desired objective of the course of the action and makes fruitful contribution. HRM MODEL AT NATIONAL LEVEL FOR OMAN Oman is one of the GCC countries (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Oman) with a population of 2. 416 million (Ministry of National Economy, 2005). It is the third largest country in Arabia with a total land area of 309,500 sq. kilometers. bordering Yemen, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates lying on the southeast corner of the Arabian Peninsula. The commercial export of oil began in 1967 in Oman. Since then, oil has been the major contributor to the GDP. The fourth five year plan (1991-1995) for the first time emphasized the need to diversify the production base other than oil and Government paid special attention to the sectoral and regional development process in Oman (Ministry of Information, 2002). Omani firms depend heavily on the expatriate workforce and they comprise 54 percent of the total workforce. GCC countries’ expatriate workforce exceeds 10 million and constitutes up to 70 percent of the GCC labor force. It accounts for 88 percent in UAE, 83 percent in Qatar, 81 percent in Kuwait, 72 percent in Saudi Arabia and 55 percent in Bahrain (Oman Economic Review, March 2006). GCC countries have taken many steps to strategically cut down its reliance on expatriate workers and Oman has also adopted Omanization policy (employing Omani nationals only—where certain percentage of employment has to be attained by firms by certain date, which is different from sector to sector) has become an important issue and many firms believe that it limits their ability to compete and impacts the value chain of their competitive advantage. There is no denying to the fact that the socio-contextual factors play very important role in Middle East, GCC countries in general and Oman in particular. Abed (2003) identifies five main root causes holding back the economic growth of the Middle East which are: lagging political reforms, dominant public sectors, underdeveloped financial markets, high trade restrictiveness and inappropriate exchange rate. Some other factors are: lack of integration into global economy (Looney, 2003), the rising rate of unemployment, closed economy, over dependence on the oil and lack of privatization initiatives (Budhwar and Mellahi, 2006). Furthermore, the legal framework, political uncertainties and the weakness of entrepreneurial cultures make this region more vulnerable (See Talib 1996; Abed, 2003). Though, some countries have pushed privatization program intensively in recent time and Oman is one of them. Oman signed FTA with US in the year 2006 and amended its labour laws in line with the international demand. These are modest beginning in the context of Oman. Many researcher have argued that the development of management theories and organization for the Arab region should pay due attention to the Arab environment. Ali (1995) also feels that management theories in this region can only be developed by giving due importance to the Arab environment. Anwar (2003) found the stark differences in American and Arabian culture and find that how US companies have adopted their management styles and philosophy to suit the cultural demand of UAE. In another study (Saleh and Kleiner, 2005), it was found that to be successful in the Middle East region, American companies must develop an understanding of the culture, people and politics of this part of the world. A number of scholars identify the immense impact of Islamic values, Islamic work ethics, and Islamic principles on the management of human resource in Islamic countries (Budhwar and Mellahi, 2006) and Oman is one such country whereupon such factors play important role in shaping HRM system and other related institutions which determine the HR. Al-Hamadi and Budhwar (2006) also endorse such view and comment that in an Islamic country like Oman, when the government decides to design HRM policies, it has to consider the effects of religion primarily besides other factors such as culture, political ideology, economic conditions and the legal system. There is a need for developing HRM framework to comprehend the dynamics of people management function at the national level. It is also important to look at cross-national and cross-cultural differences in terms of acquisition, utilization, retaining and development of the workforce. Any national HRM system evolves primarily from the industrialization process and the necessary insight can be gained by 80 Journal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 understanding the unique organizational criteria derived from national business systems and the resultant HRM policies and preferences (Sparrow and Budhwar, 1997). There are four frames of reference which shed light on the distinctive national and local HRM solutions and the factors associated with it. These are: Evolution of the business system and the structure of labour markets; The institutional influence on the employment relationship; The competence and role of HRM decision makers; and The influence of national culture on policy preferences (Sparrow and Hiltrop, 1997 as quoted by Sparrow and Budhwar, 1997). After critically analyzing several frameworks and undertaking extensive research work in the field, Budhwar et al. (see Budhwar 2004, Budhwar and Debrah 2001, 2004, Budhwar and Sparrow, 1998, 2002) propose a framework for examining cross-national HRM (Budhwar and Mellahi, 2006). They have identified three levels of factors and variables that are known to influence HRM policies and practices. These are: i. National factors (involving national culture, national institutions, business sectors and dynamic business environment); ii. Contingent variables (such as age, size, nature, ownership, life cycle stages of organization ); and iii. Organizational strategies and policies related to primary functions and internal labour market. TABLE 1 ASPECTS OF NATIONAL FACTORS DETERMINING CROSS-NATIONAL HRM I-National Culture Socialization process, common values, norms of behavior, customs, influence of pressure groups, assumptions that shape managers’ perceptions, insights and mindsets, management style, meaning of work and values, personal dispositions, attitudes and manners, approaches to cultural diversity, match to the organization culture. II-Institutions National labour laws, trade unions, politics, educational and vocational training set-up, labour market, professional bodies, international institutions, industry by itself, employers’ federation, consulting organizations, placement organizations, trade bodies, government institutions, local authorities, voluntary bodies. III-Industrial Sector Common strategies, business logic and goals, regulations and standards, sector-specific knowledge, informal and formal benchmarking, cross-sector co-operation, common developments in business operations, labour or skill requirements, merger activity, workforce mobility, capital mobility. IV-Dynamic Business Environment Competition, business alliances, changing composition of workforce, restructuring, focus on total customer satisfaction, facility of information, technological change, globalization of business. Source: Budhwar (2004: 8). Furthermore, Budhwar and Sparrow (2002) provide details of the aspects of national factors which determine cross-national human resource management which are listed in the Table-1. All these national factors form macro-environment of organization in a national context and play important role in shaping national level HRM system. Therefore, it can be argued that a national HRM system for Oman must take into account the culture specific factors. Other stakeholders and institutions also play important role in shaping HR discourse and learning. As cited above, specific industrial sector issues are also pertinent and above all the business environment and its dynamics like degree of competition, composition of workforce, restructuring and i. ii. iii. iv. Journal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 81 ownsizing of workforce, demands of customers, technological change and globalization of business are other important issues which impinge dominantly on HRM system. In Omani busi ness context, Omanization policies of the government, heavy reliance on the expatriate workforce, lack of training and vocational institutions, absence of skilled workforce, absence of trained and competent HR professionals in local labour market, prevalent collectivist work environment, in-group collectivism and sheikhocracy, prevalence of Wasta in selection and promotion systems, adherence to labor and commercial laws besides other factors are important and play crucial role in shaping HRM system at national level. Oman is an oil-based economy and to encourage the process of Omanization in oil and gas industry, Oman Society for Petroleum Services (OPAL) was created in October 2001 by a Ministerial Decree. OPAL adopted a mindset change strategy in their second HRD Workshop which was attended by 60 HR professionals in March 2006. OPAL feels that the perceived mindset in employment environment needs to be changed as current attitudes of some companies are that: They Omanise because of the Government pressure and in order to meet the minimum target to obtain labor clearance rather than as a good employment policy. They adopt salary structure to a minimum statutory one and it doesn’t match the competencies of the individuals. Moreover, they don’t look for retaining local skills or encouraging their self development. They consider the local human resources as a financial liability and not as a valid asset that could increase their profitability. Therefore, investment in their training and development becomes the sole responsibility of the government and not the employers. Appropriate budget for the development of nationals is rarely set aside and investment in people is rarely reflects in companies’ vision (Khan, 2007). Al-Hamadi and Budhwar (2006) in their study find that the triangle of Islam, tribe and family plays a very important role in almost everything in Oman including HRM. They are of the view that Islam is at the top of the triangle in Oman with its effects on all aspects of life whereas the tribe and family form the base of triangle and the second-most influential institutions in Oman after Islam though Islam prohibits tribal prejudices. In their survey of 712 employees employed in six semi-private and public sector organizations examining the perception of employees regarding the influence of aspects of national culture and institutional factors on HRM policies and practices, they found that Omani employees give high priority to the importance of religion and the socialization process. The influence of the expatriate workforce, management style unique to Omani work environment, organizational culture, and the influence of the social elite (i. e. , people educated abroad) are other important factors. They also found that Omani employees give high priority to Civil service laws, educational and vocational training set-up, Omani labour laws, labor market and Omanization programs besides local administrative establishment such as Ministry of legal affairs, Court of legal administration, and the Court of the Royal Diwan. These are the institutions which have direct impact on HRM system in Oman. It can be summarized that in time to come the industrial relation and labour union may have a fair amount of impact on HRM in Oman. Though, it is not significant (Al-Hamadi and Budhwar, 2006) at present but the beginning has been done. The radical change in the Omani industrial relation history in regard to the formation of trade union came on July 9, 2006 when a Royal Decree as a response to the commitment to the US-Oman FTA came into force. This decree cancels or supersedes all earlier provisions of the labor law that contravene or contradict its provisions. The recent changes in the labor law undertaken in Oman in response to the US-Oman FTA will have long lasting impact on the Omani labor scene and consequent employment relationship in Oman in time to come. Though, it is difficult to predict that making such provisions will result into the emergence of the strong trade union movement in Oman. Cultural factors, encouragement by the government, institutional support, appetite among employees to protect and promote their employment interests and rights and presence of the strong union leadership will be the most important factors in this regard. But the recent changes in labor law will surely strengthen and protect workers’ interest and they will find an avenue to raise their voice in case of an 82 Journal of Management Policy and Practice vol. 12(1) 2011 ventuality. This may pave the way for the realization of industrial democracy in Oman at workplace (Khan, 2007). CONCLUSION This is an important fact that the HR function has attr acted the attention of corporate managers, consultants and researchers alike in GCC countries and in Oman as well. HRM is in nascent stage in Oman and the lack of HR knowledge and competency to understand the socio-contextual factors have generated a dilemma before the firms in Oman in dealing with the change in their respective HR process. The emergence of various approaches and models has further confused the HR constituency in dealing with emerging business challenges. Soft or a hard model, contextual model or culture bound HRM model, best fit or best practices HR model, convergence or divergence model, which one of them is suitable for Omani context is the moot question being raised by HR practitioners, academicians and researchers. Convergence approach labeled as the best practices approach is based on the normative statements of what HR practices should look like and it is highly influenced by American researchers and commentators whereas the divergence approach advocates that the HRM model must be embedded with culture-specific elements. It can be concluded that neither convergence nor divergence model can serve the purpose of HRM constituency which is so diverse and global at the same time. There is a need to adopt a middle of the path approach which can integrate the qualities of both approaches which are pertinent and solve the socio-contextual issues and integrate both opposite streams rather than trying to ascertain one more valid than the other. This approach will surely help in taking into account the regional ambiguity and developing a HRM framework which can be pertinent for Omani firms as well. As evident from the previous discussion, understanding the national HRM system and its constituents at macro level will surely provide the HR professionals and line managers, the requisite knowledge to deal with the exigencies of people management. As each country’s business, economic and socio-political forces shape its national HRM context which is distinct from other, and in case of Oman, we can conclude that there exists a distinct HRM system. 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